为了探明心叶毛蕊茶〔Camellia cordifolia (Metc.) Nakai〕叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育关系，基于Illumina NovaSeq测序平台的高通量测序技术首次对心叶毛蕊茶叶绿体基因组进行测序，并利用生物信息学相关软件对该基因组进行了组装、注释、图谱绘制以及序列特征分析，并基于叶绿体基因组构建了山茶属（Camellia Linn.）16个物种的系统发育树。结果显示：心叶毛蕊茶的叶绿体基因组呈现典型的四分体结构，全长156 745 bp，总GC含量为37.3%；基因组有135个基因，其中包括90个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA基因以及8个rRNA基因。密码子偏好性分析发现心叶毛蕊茶叶绿体基因密码子偏好以A或U结尾，但整体上密码子使用偏好性较弱。重复序列分析共检测到57个长重复序列和73个简单重复序列(SSR)位点。反向重复区(IR)边界结构分析发现不同物种rps19、ndhF和ycf1(假基因)基因长度以及与边界的距离存在一定差别。系统发育分析表明心叶毛蕊茶与连蕊茶组（Sect. Theopsis Coh. St.）的尖连蕊茶〔Camellia cuspidata (Kochs) Wright ex Gard. Chron.〕亲缘关系较近（自展支持率为100%）。综合研究结果显示：心叶毛蕊茶叶绿体基因组的长度、结构及排列顺序具有高度保守性，IR区边界在进化过程中发生了一定程度的收缩，最常用到的密码子是编码异亮氨酸（Ile）的AUU，以单核苷酸A/T重复序列为主的SSR位点较丰富，叶绿体基因组的碱基组成偏好使用A或T；从分子系统发育的角度支持毛蕊茶组(Sect. Eriandria Coh. St.)与连蕊茶组合并的观点。

To clarify the structural characteristics of chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationships of Camellia cordifolia (Metc.) Nakai, the chloroplast genome of C. cordifolia was sequenced for the first time by using the high-throughput sequencing technology based on the Illumina NovaSeq sequencing platform, assembly, annotation, mapping, and sequence characteristic analysis of this genome were performed by using bioinformatics-related softwares, and a phylogenetic tree of 16 species in Camellia Linn. was constructed based on their chloroplast genomes. The results show that the chloroplast genome of C. cordifolia exhibits a typical quadripartite structure, its total length is 156 745 bp, and its total GC content is 37.3%; the genome has 135 genes, including 90 proteincoding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The codon usage bias analysis shows that the codons of chloroplast genes of C. cordifolia prefer to end with A or U, but the codon usage bias is relatively weak in general. A total of 57 long repeated sequences and 73 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci are detected in the repeated sequence analysis. The boundary structure analysis of the inverted repeat (IR) region reveals that the gene length and distance from the boundary of rps19, ndhF， and ycf1 (pseudogene) are different in different species. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. cordifolia has a relatively close genetic relationship with Camellia cuspidata (Kochs) Wright ex Gard. Chron. in the Sect. Theopsis Coh. St. (the bootstrap support rate is 100%). The comprehensive study results show that the length, structure, and arrangement order of chloroplast genome of C. cordifolia are highly conserved, the boundary of IR region has contracted to a certain extent during evolution process, the most frequently used codon is AUU, which encodes isoleucine (Ile), SSR loci dominated by mononucleotide A/T repeats are relatively rich, and the base composition of the chloroplast genome prefers to use A or T; the viewpoint of merging Sect. Eriandria Coh. St. and Sect. Theopsis is supported in terms of molecular phylogeny.