以17种石斛属（Dendrobium Sw.）植物为研究对象，通过观测6个叶表型性状和15个花表型性状，从形态学角度对石斛属植物表型性状进行变异和多样性分析，并揭示各表型性状间的相互关系。结果表明：叶表型性状变异系数为28.78%～63.63%，花表型性状变异系数为31.26%～117.65%，不同表型性状变异幅度差异明显，花表型性状的变异幅度大于叶表型性状。21个表型性状的Shannon's多样性指数差异较小，为4.372～4.393，Shannon's多样性指数最大的是萼囊长、最小的是花柄长和唇瓣宽。Shannon's多样性指数与变异系数整体存在显著（p＜0.05）线性相关。主成分分析结果显示：前4个主成分的累计贡献率达84.2%，可以反映17种石斛属植物表型性状的基本特征，其中花纵径、叶面积、侧萼长、萼囊长和叶长宽比是造成石斛属植物表型差异的主要因子。聚类分析结果表明：17种石斛属植物可聚为4组，聚类结果与传统分类存在一定差异。相关性分析结果表明：叶各表型性状间和花各表型性状间整体上存在显著或极显著（p＜0.01）相关性，叶厚与除侧萼长、侧萼宽和萼囊长外的12个花表型性状均存在显著或极显著相关性。综合研究结果表明：石斛属植物表型性状变异丰富，拥有丰富的表型多样性，各表型性状之间有着密切且复杂的关系。

  Taking 17 Dendrobium Sw. species as research objects, the variation and diversity analyses of phenotypic traits of Dendrobium species were conducted and the relationships between phenotypic traits were revealed in terms of morphology by observing 6 leaf phenotypic traits and 15 flower phenotypic traits. The results show that the coefficients of variation of leaf phenotypic traits are 28.78%-63.63%, those of flower phenotypic traits are 31.26%-117.65%, there are evident differences in variation degrees of different phenotypic traits, and the variation degree of flower phenotypic traits is greater than that of leaf phenotypic traits. The differences in Shannon's diversity indexes of 21 phenotypic traits are relatively small, which are 4.372-4.393, and the Shannon's diversity index of calyx sac length is the largest, and those of pedicel length and labellum width are  the smallest.  There is a significant (p<0.05) linear relationship between  Shannon's diversity index and coefficient of variation in general. The principal component analysis result shows that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reaches 84.2%, which can reflect the basic characteristics of phenotypic traits of 17 Dendrobium species, in which, the flower vertical diameter, leaf area, lateral sepal length, calyx sac length, and leaf length to width ratio are the main factors causing phenotypic differences among Dendrobium species. The clustering analysis result shows that 17 Dendrobium species can be clustered into 4 groups, and there are some differences between the clustering results and traditional classification. The correlation analysis result shows that there are significant or extremely significant (p<0.01) correlations between leaf phenotypic traits and flower phenotypic traits in general, and leaf thickness has significant or extremely significant correlations with other 12 flower phenotypic traits except lateral sepal length, lateral sepal width, and calyx sac length. The comprehensive research results indicate that Dendrobium species have abundant phenotypic variations and rich phenotypic diversity, and there are close and complex relationships between phenotypic traits.