稻瘟病是影响全球水稻（Oryza sativa Linn.）生产最严重的真菌性病害之一。抗稻瘟病基因的功能解析及其在分子育种中的合理利用，是实现水稻高产、稳产与粮食安全保障的关键路径。近年来，随着水稻和稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）基因组研究的不断深入，抗稻瘟病基因在病原识别、信号传导、免疫激活以及适合度调控等方面的作用机制不断被揭示。特别是在核苷酸结合位点-富含亮氨酸的重复序列受体类抗病蛋白的研究中，关于其直接识别、间接识别、整合结构域识别以及与效应因子的协同进化等方面取得了突破性进展，为分子育种奠定了理论基础。与此同时，结合抗病性功能标记开发、R基因聚合策略与CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑技术的分子育种手段，也为培育广谱、持久抗病水稻新品种提供了有效支撑。本文系统综述了水稻抗稻瘟病基因的作用机制研究进展，并探讨其在分子育种中的实际应用和未来发展方向，旨在为稻瘟病绿色防控与优质抗病水稻品种选育提供理论依据与实践指导。

Rice blast is one of the most devastating fungal diseases affecting global rice （Oryza sativa Linn.） production. The functional analysis of rice blast resistance genes and their rational utilization in molecular breeding are key approaches to achieving high and stable yields as well as ensuring food security. In recent years, with the in-depth genomic studies of O. sativa and Magnaporthe oryzae, the action mechanisms of rice blast resistance genes in pathogen recognition, signal transduction, immune activation, and fitness regulation, etc. have been continuously revealed. Notably, breakthrough progress has been made in the research of disease-resistant proteins such as nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat receptors, including their direct recognition, indirect recognition, integrated domain recognition, and co-evolution with effectors, laying a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding. Meanwhile, molecular breeding strategies combining development of disease resistance functional markers, R gene pyramiding strategy, and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 also provide effective supports for developing new rice cultivars with broad-spectrum and durable resistance. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the action mechanisms of rice blast resistance genes of O. sativa, and discusses their practical applications and future directions in molecular breeding, aiming to provide theoretical evidence and practical guidance for green prevention and control of rice blast and breeding high-quality diseaseresistant rice cultivars.