以磷脂含量为指标对木瓜[Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne]籽毛油水化脱胶过程中脱胶剂种类、脱胶剂添加量、脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行单因素实验,并在此基础上对脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行L₉(3³⁾正交实验;以酸价为指标对碱炼脱酸过程中的碱液(NaOH 溶液)浓度、碱炼温度和超碱用量进行单因素实验和L₉(3³)正交实验;并比较了毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的主要理化指标变化。单因素实验和正交实验结果表明:在木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶过程中采用不同的脱胶剂种类(包括柠檬酸、草酸和蒸馏水)、脱胶剂添加量(质量分数0. 1% ~0. 5%)、脱胶时间(10 ~70 min)、加水量(质量分数1% ~ 6%)和脱胶温度(65 ℃~ 85 ℃),毛油中的磷脂含量均有明显差异;而碱炼脱酸过程中采用不同的碱液浓度(质量分数6% ~14%)、碱炼温度(40 ℃~80℃)和超碱用量(质量分数0. 15% ~0. 40%),毛油酸价也有明显变化。总体上看,木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶的适宜条件为添加质量分数0. 2%柠檬酸为脱胶剂、脱胶温度75℃、加水量为质量分数4%、脱胶时间50 min;碱炼脱酸的适宜条件为碱液浓度为质量分数12%、碱炼温度80℃、超碱用量为质量分数0. 30%。理化指标的测定结果表明:与毛油相比,脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的碘值略升高但差异不明显、过氧化值明显升高、磷脂含量和皂化值均明显下降,而脱酸油和精炼油的酸价也明显下降。研究结果显示:经过脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥一系列过程后获得的木瓜籽精炼油的理化指标基本符合国家食用植物油卫生标准。

Taking phospholipid content as index, single factor experiments on type and additive amount of degumming agent, degumming time, water addition and degumming temperature during hydrated degumming process of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne seed crude oil were carried out, and on this basis, L₉(3³) orthogonal experiment on degumming time, water addition and degumming temperature was conducted. Taking acid value as index, single factor experiments and L₉(3³) orthogonal experiment on alkaline (NaOH solution) concentration, alkali refining temperature and ultra-alkali addition during alkali refining deacidification process were carried out. And changes of main physical-chemical indexes of crude oil, degummed oil, deacidfication oil and refined oil were compared. The results of single factor experiments and orthogonal experiment show that by means of different degumming agent types (including citric acid, oxalic acid and distilled water), degumming agent additive amounts (mass fraction 0. 1% -0. 5%), degumming times (10-70 min), water additions (mass fraction 1% -6%) and degumming temperatures (65 ℃-85 ℃) during hydrated degumming process of C. sinensis seed crude oil, there is obvious difference in phospholipid content in crude oil. While by means of different alkaline concentrations (mass fraction 6% -14%), alkali refining temperatures (40 ℃-80 ℃) and ultra-alkali additions (mass fraction 0. 15% -0. 40%) during alkali refining deacidification process, there is also obvious difference in acid value of crude oil. Overall, the suitable condition for hydrated degumming of C. sinensis seed crude oil is taking citric acid with mass fraction of 0. 2% as degumming agent, degumming temperature 75℃, water addition with mass fraction of 4%, degumming time 50 min; the suitable condition for alkali refining deacidification is alkaline concentration with mass fraction of 12%,alkali refining temperature 80 ℃, ultra-alkali addition with mass fraction of 0. 30%. The determination result of physical-chemical indexes shows that compared with crude oil, iodine values of degummed oil, deacidfication oil and refined oil increase slightly but the difference is not obvious, peroxide value increases obviously, phospholipid content and saponification value all decrease obviously, while acid values of deacidfication oil and refined oil decrease obviously, too. It is suggested that physical-chemical indexes of C. sinensis seed refined oil obtained after a sery of processes of degumming, deacidfication and washing and drying are basically conformed to national hygienic standard of edible vegetable oil.